028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children Free Essays

Create constructive associations with youngsters, youngsters and others engaged with their consideration. 028 Outcome 1: Be ready to create constructive associations with youngsters and youngsters. A/C1; Positive associations with kids and youngsters are significant as it hugy affects the manner in which we can work with them. We will compose a custom exposition test on 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now At the point when a kid is as a rule left into my room in the first part of the day I would head toward welcome the youngster and lift them and cause them to feel secure. At the point when the kid believes me it encourages them to feel good with me, making it simpler for them to be isolated from their folks. In the event that a youngster has a sense of safety they are bound to take an interest in play and learning exercises dissimilar to a kid that sits and sobs for their mummy, I would attempt to bring the kid into exercises that I realize that they appreciate. For instance a youngster in my room was vexed and needed their mummy, I headed toward the kid and asked her â€Å"would you like to play with the sand. † The kid was glad to as it is her preferred movement. Kids are more averse to show undesirable conduct in the event that they have solid connections as I can perceive and address their issues. The more a kid feels certain conversing with me it will assist their language with developing faster. I can design all the more precisely as I comprehend a child’s formative needs and know their inclinations. I am ready to react to kids all the more viably in light of the fact that I can perceive their appearances and feelings. The Principles of building and keeping up connections are as per the following: Communicating successfully is one of the most significant parts of building a relationship. The manner in which we do this relies upon the child’s age and phase of improvement. I additionally utilize outward appearances, non-verbal communication and motions. Recognizing and sifting through clashes and differences decently to keep up the kid/youthful person’s trust. I indentify the troubles and help them to discover approaches to defeat them. I would consistently be reliable and reasonable as youngsters depend on this. Consistency implies keeping conduct limits set up as well as to ensure the staff are not sensitive one day and afterward calm and pulled back the following. Demonstrating admiration and politeness causes the kids to duplicate our activities. For instance when I hand out toast at break time I would consistently say 'thank you' when I place it down on their plate. I generally talk in a warm and cordial tone, and twist down to their level. Esteeming and regarding singularity as every youngster has various qualities, gifts and perspectives; by doing this I show that I am alright with their disparities. Understanding that a youngster has certain interests and expanding upon them. For instance a youngster in my gathering adores Mickey mouse so I got a Mickey mouse teddy that helped him go down to rest simpler at rest time. Keeping guarantees and respecting duties are significant as youngsters/youngsters need to realize that would they be able to depend on me. I have a comprehension of classification as this is fundamental about trust and regard. I have to know when it is alright to break the secrecy, mindful that there might be a danger. I could never pass on anything said in private, don't prattle on the grounds that once the break of secrecy is broken all trust is then lost. A/C2; Observed A/C3; Building associations with kids and youngsters change as indicated by the age and phase of a kid. It is imperative to consider their necessities and interests. How I would react to a multi year old kid would be distinctive to a multi year old. Building associations with babies is a flat out need as infants need to shape a connection or bond with the early years laborer to compensate for them missing their folks. The term 'key individual' is the thing that the EYFS use to portray the job of an individual who will deal with the infant or youngster and build up an uncommon relationship with them. Consistency is significant; children can make more than one connection despite the fact that they do need to have one in number relationship. It is imperative to attempt to urge kids to create solid relationship with other staff so they feel great and secure if the key individual is missing. By holding or nestling a child this assists with building solid connections as the infant feels needed and consoled. Youngsters younger than 3 years need solid connections to one individual as the still worry over their folks leaving. This can occur during the settling in period. For instance another kid joined our nursery, toward the beginning mummy remained with him and he sat on her knee and I gradually presented myself. Following day mummy had educated me that he adored play batter, so in the wake of bowing down to the child’s level I asked might he want to assist me with getting the play mixture table set up. He tailed me, giving mummy time to leave the room. The youngster was fine until he turned round and saw mummy had gone. He cried, I offered my hand out and said not to stress as mummy will be back soon. I said to the kid about creation star shapes to show mummy. Mummy returned after thirty minutes. As the week went on, before the end the youngster came to me, we got his preferred action and he was diverted. Presently he comes into my room without worrying about mummy. I have consistently delighted in working with youngsters. I have three youngsters myself and when they were in elementary school I would have been a parent assistant. I likewise turned into an understanding accomplice. I have a comprehension of how to move toward kids, I generally grin and I generally seem congenial. For example if a youngster in my room seems dismal, I would head toward where the kid is, the point at which I realize all is good and well I would give eye to eye connection with a grin. I would then inquire as to whether there is anything the kid might want to do, possibly do a work of art or read a book. I generally need the youngsters to feel that they are not being barred. I enhance assembling my associations with the youngsters by speaking with the guardians. I work two days every week, I have been told a couple of times by various mummies that their kid has missed me, one kid specifically continued saying â€Å"go to diamonds, see weese† the child’s mummy snickers and says that her kid constantly attempts to state my name â€Å"weese for Louise† I could accomplish more by going to seminars on the most proficient method to comprehend connections and so forth. I can generally gain from speaking with my associates on the best way to sift through clashes. 028 Outcome 2: A/C1; Positive associations with individuals engaged with the consideration of kids and youngsters are significant as the child’s government assistance can be appropriately checked, plans for the kids' consideration and instruction are increasingly compelling and kids are given reliable consideration. Great correspondence with everybody in the work environment is significant; it is additionally basic to guarantee that associates function admirably together and can share our abilities/thoughts and increase data with one another. Everybody should cooperate to address the issues of the kids in the setting and discover what their inclinations are. On the off chance that associates don't have great connections, at that point it might cause awful sentiments and a separation between partners. The facts may confirm that you will all not function admirably together and can't share data, and afterward the guardians and kids may endure. It is critical to have great correspondence with the kids in the etting as this guarantees you will have a decent connection with them which will assist them with feeling progressively good when they are settling in or give consolation during changes in their lives just as supporting them in their play and learning. Great correspondence is expected to guarantee that data is given effectively to the families that will profit the kids. Additionally if the guardians see that you have a decent connection with the youngsters it will assist them with feeling progressively loose and causes th em to confide in us to think about their kids. A/C2; Observed Step by step instructions to refer to 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Papers

Macroeconomics free essay sample

The current worldwide downturn has been caused to a huge degree by obligation fuelled development in the lodging market, frequently because of flighty loaning rehearses, combined with unregulated exchanging of home loans on the securities and subordinates markets. One of the key factors that took into consideration the property air pocket to extend so quickly was the universal idea of ‘subprime’ contracts. These were basically credits, which by and large required no store, that were stretched out consistently to individuals without the essential salary to take care of the obligation. With an end goal to ward off a downturn seemingly as awful the Great Depression, governments worldwide have endeavored to battle developing joblessness and contracting economies by method of gigantic upgrade bundles. This exposition will dissect the previously mentioned issues encompassing the causes and seriousness of the present downturn, administrative reactions to the monetary emergency, and how these reactions contrast from the Great Depression, with regards to important macroeconomic hypothesis so as to arrive at an educated resolution in regards to the adequacy of contemporary government mediation. We will compose a custom article test on Macroeconomics or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The subprime contract is broadly consented to have been the impetus for the downturn in general. There were, in any case, various different causes that added to the issue. Right off the bat, on account of the USA, the Federal Reserve was delayed to raise the financing costs after the US economy recuperated from the 2000/01 downturn. As the financing cost kept on staying low, the loan cost impact on total interest empowered more noteworthy spending on speculation products. On account of numerous Americans, speculation products compared to lodging and consequently many took out home loans to buy houses absolutely on the premise that they could exchange them for a benefit. This was made conceivable in huge part because of the pervasiveness of subprime credits and intrigue just advances. A sub-prime home loan is a home loan that is given to a borrower whose FICO assessment would not commonly qualify them for a regular home loan; thus they innately have a higher hazard. Intrigue just credits, of which a huge rate were likewise subprime, are organized so that the borrower is at first just taking care of the enthusiasm on the home loan of a house at a lower financing cost for a period as a rule between 1 to 5 years. While numerous buyers took out these sorts of credits with exchanging the house for a benefit before the financing cost rose, this idea possibly worked if house costs kept on rising. Definitely, when financing costs settled at a higher harmony because of the appeal (Mankiw, 2002), numerous individuals with premium free credits were left with houses they couldn’t sell and loan costs that they weren’t ready to manage, going out that would need to be sold at a misfortune. These high-hazard credits becomes devices of budgetary building as banks packaged great and awful advances into subordinates which were thus frequently packaged into CDO’s (collaterised obligation commitments) whose value was attached to the estimation of the home loans. At the point when these home loans started to default quickly, numerous speculation reserves started to freeze and started selling these CDOs as fast as could reasonably be expected, causing a move of the total interest bend to one side because of the negativity in the market and evacuating trillions of dollars of significant worth from a considerable lot of the significant assets. As Investment (I) comprises a segment of GDP, this gigantic misfortune caused a considerable decrease in GDP, and in light of the fact that GDP is conversely connected to pay this prompted a lot higher than normal degrees of joblessness. (Battalion, 2000) This is because of an enormous drop in total interest, which made organizations lay off laborers with an end goal to lessen costs and stay in business. The aftermath from the CDOs was worldwide, a considerable lot of the speculation subsidizes that had bought these bonds spoken to global or outside financial specialists and as such the effect was both serious and around the world. Key monetary pointers all demonstrate that the impacts of the downturn have been unforgiving: World modern creation is down 10%; World securities exchanges down 30%; and the Volume of world exchange down 20%. Legislative reaction to the financial emergency so far has been founded essentially on huge improvement bundles intended to decrease joblessness and resuscitate the economy. Obama’s improvement plan, the â€Å"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009†, alone has burned through $787 billion (USD), on the $152bn spent on the 2008 upgrade bill. This arrangement is upheld partly by the idea of the multiplier impact. This hypothesis expresses that administration buys have a ‘multiplier effect’ on total interest, so every dollar of open spending will by and large raise the total interest by more than one dollar, with the recipe likening to m = 1/(1 †MPC). (coursebook ref) various elements, be that as it may, consolidated to hose the effect of this administration spending. Cynicism about the financial atmosphere, alongside the observation that the discount was a coincidental measure, made a few people change their ways of managing money, prompting various individuals utilizing the singular amount charge refunds of the 2008 upgrade bundle to either take care of obligation or set aside the cash. This impact, truth be told, was not as far reaching the same number of financial analysts anticipated, family unit spending really rose on normal by 3. 5%, making a few examinations name the arrangement as a triumph (Broda Parker, 2008). The 2009 arrangement experienced to a degree the swarming out impact, brought about by higher loan costs because of raised degrees of government spending. A use of the laws of flexibly and request uncovers that an expansion in the cost of a credit, I. e. the intrigue, prompts a lessening in the measure of credit requested.

College Essay Free Samples - How to Find Out Which One Is Right For You

College Essay Free Samples - How to Find Out Which One Is Right For YouCollege essay free samples are something that you should be able to find a lot on the Internet. This is because this is the place where most students would search for this. Of course, these people might be a little difficult to convince to visit your site if they do not know about it yet.For one thing, it is impossible for students who are going to get their education at online colleges to know about these free samples and what they can provide them in terms of the college writing. Of course, this is the reason why you will have to look up information about this yourself. However, when you learn how to do this, you will not have to worry about this anymore.First of all, you need to decide on a certain online source of college essay free samples. This is important so that you will be sure to get exactly what you need. It will also help you get the job done quickly. In this way, you will not have to waste your time looking for the same resources twice.When you are looking for college essay free samples, you need to make sure that they offer quality materials. These sources should not only offer you the materials in written form. They should also offer you a variety of other useful resources as well. For example, you should look for sample tests that you can use.In addition, these samples should be able to show you how you can use these tools properly. For example, some sites can actually send you a test that you can take at home. This can be very useful since you can use this to practice your essay writing skills.Of course, you need to make sure that you will also get the right resources. You should also consider whether or not these resources can be downloaded. If you choose to download, you will be able to get some practice works which you can then use as references.Finally, you need to find out about what type of essay writing course that you should use with the college essay free samples. Some people prefer to use advanced forms of writing. They will always look for the various college writing courses that they can learn from.There are many courses available in this regard. All you need to do is to go online and check them out. After all, you should always go for the resources that are available.

Element Symbol Quiz - First 20 Elements

Adoption of Animals Essay - 1808 Words

Adoption of Animals Anyone, who visits an animal shelter, as I do, sees an extraordinary number of beautiful, affectionate, and desperate dogs and cats. The majority of animals in any particular shelter are dogs, usually adults, for whom there arent enough adoptive homes waiting. A few may have come from responsible breeders, whose owners do not realize that the breeder will take them back,many are those who are lost, and/or from owners who simply got tired of them. Some are pet shop puppies from a puppy mill that did not meet the owners expectations due to health, temperament, or other reasons. A large number usually turn out to be the result of deliberate and irresponsible home breeding. These people are known as back-yard†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, breeders, pet stores, and many ordinary individuals do not realize that their choice not to spay or neuter their animal is causing millions of animals to be euthanized every year in the United States.Shermerhorn notes that only one in six shelter animals will find a new home (4). Any consciencious person knows that you do not have to look far to find advertisements for free puppies or kittens,especially in the lower socio-economic areas. Many people decide to have dogs so that they can breed them in order to make a few dollars, fight them, or show their children the miracle of birth. It is frightening to imagine that the millions of unwanted animals roaming the streets and occupying shelters are the result of human ignorance, selfishness, and irresponsibility. What is more devastating is that the children of such individuals will continue the same vicious cycle. Pet rescue organizations continue to do a lot in helping to place existing unwanted, abandoned, and mistreated animals into good homes, however not much is being done to prevent pet overpopulation. Simply venting my frustrations to fellow animal lovers only made me increasingly bitter and resentful of the many adults who should know better.All adults have a responsibility to their children and the community around them, regardless of whether they like itShow MoreRelatedAnimal Adoption, the Price of Love Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesunconditional love of an animal is one of the best feelings, second only to a child. An animal will bring years of happiness, laughs, kiss, hugs, and love. When it comes time to add a furry 4-legged pet to a family, adopting from a local animal shelter is a better option instead of buying from a private breeder. An animal adopted from a local animal shelter obtains a second chance of life instead of dying like the three million euthanized animals. Adopti ons gives an animal a second chance at lifeRead MorePet Adoption741 Words   |  3 Pages Pet Adoption Many people have different thoughts on adoption. Such as why adoption is a good thing not only for the animal but also the owner, if each dog deserves a second chance, and if there should be kill shelters. Adoption is good for both the animal and the owner, by adopting an animal is gives them a new home that they deserve. Adoption gives the owner a sense of what the animal has gone through, which sometimes helps understand the way the animal may act and can help find ways to trainRead MoreAdoption Programs Help Increase Dog Adoptions1191 Words   |  5 PagesMany people understand the awful living conditions in animal shelters. Upon entering, one immediately notices the stench of unwashed animals, the dirt and grime that coat the walls, and the pleading, desperate faces of the inhabitants. While this is a serious issue, there is a far more important one at hand: the euthanization, or killing, of healthy animals in shelters. In a population chart of dogs in the United States, â€Å"over a third (2.4 million) died in shelters†(Ortega-Pacheco Jimà ©nez-CoelloRead MorePet Friendly By Sue Pethick1324 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal companionship is available through many choices and may include such examples as furry, four legged creatures or those that may slither and frighten even the most ardent animal lover. Still, the mutual bond that forms between owner and guardian transcends the daily duties associated with pet ownership. These emotional relationships are corroborated through personal stories and often presented in heartwarming movies and novels. Pet Friendly by Sue Pethick utilizes an encouraging theme to embodyRead MoreImpressive Visit to Nebraska Humane Society Essay801 Words   |  4 Pageslargest shelter facility in Nebraska. Currently, NHS can house a minimum of 500 animals, including dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, bunnies, and non-venomous reptiles. Online the NHS showcases various horses and donkeys that currently live in volunteer foster homes, awaiting adoption. NHS not only provides a safe, warm environment for animals in need, they also provide a variety of other services such as, adoption programs, pet daycare, obedience classes, cremation services, spray/neuter programsRead MoreThe Cold Animal War Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe cold animal war There is a fight that has been made public and has steadily been growing. The fight or war as I like to call it, is should animal mills be dealt away with or should they stay where they are? I hear constantly that I should not by an animal from a mill. I am told that we have enough animals in this world. Here is the thing though lots of people enjoy getting a new animal. Especially if that animal is a â€Å"pure breed†. So the argument ensues. There are two clear sides, one side saysRead MorePet Friendly By Sue Pethick1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal companionship is provided through many choices and may include such examples as furry, four legged creatures or those that may slither and frighten even the most ardent animal lover. Still, the mutual bond that forms between owner and guardian transcends the daily duties associated with pet ownership. These emotional relationships are corroborated through personal stories and are often presented in heartwarming movies and novels . Pet Friendly by Sue Pethick utilizes an encouraging theme toRead MorePet Friendly By Sue Pethick1107 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal companionship is provided through many choices and may include such examples as furry, four legged creatures or those that may slither and frighten even the most ardent animal lover. Still, the mutual bond that forms between owner and guardian transcends the daily duties associated with pet ownership. These emotional relationships are corroborated through personal stories and are often presented in heartwarming movies and novels. Pet Friendly by Sue Pethick utilizes an encouraging theme toRead MorePet Friendly By Sue Pethick1403 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal companionship is available through many choices and may include such examples as furry, four legged creatures or those that may slither and frighten even the most ardent animal lover. Still, the mutual bond that forms between owner and guardian transcends the daily duties associated with pet ownershi p. These emotional relationships are corroborated through personal stories and often presented in heartwarming movies and novels. Pet Friendly by Sue Pethick embodies one example by utilizing anRead MoreAnimal Shelter Reflection Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagespity a shelter animal. When I decided to become a Veterinary Technician, I anticipated working in a vet office. Unpredictably, I changed my mind. Approximately a year ago, I began volunteering for the Denver Dumb Friends League at the Buddy Center in Castle Rock. A shelter is not always the easiest place to work. Nevertheless, I feel it is where I feel most able to make a difference. There is plenty of heartache, but I seem to have a knack for calming and comforting the frightened animals, and that makes

Wearable Technology And Data Privacy Essay - 1677 Words

Megan Litkenhous Dr. Lois Scheidt Computer and Information Ethics December 12, 2016 Wearable Technology and Data Privacy The purpose of this research is to summarize conclusions based off consumer behavior attitudes towards wearable technology and data privacy issues. Younger generations are growing up with information technology at the forefront of their development, which means the way society views technology and privacy is changing rapidly. It is not uncommon to see toddlers interacting directly with technology, as more parents and educators embrace the use of technology. Wearable technology is being used by children in classrooms during fitness period to track how many steps each student is taking, and by parents who use wearable to track their child’s movements through GPS. The older generations are also embracing technology in ways that weren’t possible even a decade ago, such as helping seniors communicate with their health care providers without having to leave their homes. These trends make it possible to measure the time spent wearing technology, and asking open-ended que stions that test consumers comfort level with sharing personal information with a group of unknowns. The study also researches the benefits that wearable technology can have with sharing while also having anonymity, and introduce how wearable technology is changing the way society responds and views privacy. As more consumers around the globe are embracing wearable technologies, theShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Disadvantages Of Ubiquitous Computing Application1525 Words   |  7 Pagesworld of technology in the 2st century, wearables have become famous in various domains of application inclusive of entertainment, security and healthcare. Their small size, autonomy and pervasiveness has enlarged the potential of such devices to be employed within distinct scenarios and activities (Pentland 2010). For example, Google glass is one such wearable ubiquitous application wherein computers are immersed into real environment and operations are unattended. Data is collected by wearable dev icesRead MoreAnalysis Of Bertolucci s Article On The Security Risks And Challenges Associated With Wearable Technology1678 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with wearable technology, which comprises of both wearable computers and wearable electronics. Among the body adaptable wearable electronics that this author considers as likely to be exposed to risks and challenges are fitness trackers and health monitors, which are designed in the form of smartwatches and optical devices such as Google Glass optical headgear. Notably, the article mainly focuses on risks and challenges from three main dimensions namely security, privacy and mass adoptionRead MoreSecurity Risks And Challenges Of Fitness Trackers And Health Monitors1679 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with wearable technology, which comprises of both wearable computers and wearable electronics. Among the body adaptable wearable electronics that this author considers as likely to be exposed to risks and challenges are fitness trac kers and health monitors, which are designed in the form of smartwatches and optical devices such as Google Glass optical headgear. Notably, the article mainly focuses on risks and challenges from three main dimensions namely security, privacy and mass adoptionRead MoreWearable Technology Is New Security Risks1696 Words   |  7 PagesWebsite Title: Wearable Computing Equals New Security Risks Author: Jeff Bertolucci URL: http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/big-data-analytics/wearable-computing-equals-new-security-risks/d/d-id/1113411 Date accessed: 6th August 2014 Content of site The article by Bertolucci illustrates the risk and challenges that are associated withRead MoreAn Overview Of Modern Health Management System1658 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Author Keywords ACM Classification Keywords I. INTRODUCTION Due to recent advancement in mobile technologies, high-capacity wireless network, sensor system, and wearable technology ubiquitous computing system is no longer a possibility, it is now reality. Ubiquitous computing deals with the idea how we can improve our quality of life by incorporating or interacting with technology in our everyday life. Health care is an ideal application domain for ubiquitous computing. A variety of healthRead MoreThe Internet Of Things And List Three Iot Devices1357 Words   |  6 Pages(IoT) are devices that can collect and share data with no human interactions. IoT are machines that connect to other machines. Examples of IoT’s are fitness trackers that report to a smart phone, smart vacuum cleaners that are self- propelled, and Apps for your smart phone that can adjust lighting, temperature or security features at your house when you are away. 2. Comprehension: Explain why it is important for business managers to understand that data collection rates from loT devices is increasingRead MoreWearable Technologies And Mobile Ehealth Applications1127 Words   |  5 PagesWearable technologies and mobile eHealth applications have becomes very popular in the recent years. From Fitbit to My eHealth, these technologies are making it easier for people to monitor their lifestyles and health. These technologies are making is easier for people to control their health by having more access to information and the ability to look up their record without having to go into the doctor’s office. With the advancement in these technology, there is also barriers to the deploymentRead MoreTechniques Of Wearable Technology839 Words   |  4 Pages New offloading techniques improve the working of current wearables I. INTRODUCTION A. Background – We haven’t seen a wide spread adoption Augmented Reality in industrial and professional scenarios yet. This is due to the poor computational capability and limited power capacity of current wearable devices which degrade their runtime performance and sustainability (Shi, Yang, Huang, Hui, 2015). B. Purpose/Audience – The purpose of my research paper is to create awareness and defineRead MoreThe Cyber Security Areas For Accessing Computers Or Offices Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The following technology review is to identify the cyber security areas that must be investigated in order to incorporate Wearable Technology (WT) into future projects, such as replacing smart cards for accessing computers or offices. Since its start in 1961 (Hong, Baker, 2015), WT has been used for a variety of applications, such as managing financial transactions (Michalow, 2016) and tracking medical history (Bloss, 2015). Many of the recent applications of WT require a smartphoneRead MoreImpact Of Technology And Economy On Ehealth And Future Predictions1495 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Technology and Economy on Ehealth and Future Predictions In-person visits to physicians in the future will decrease thanks to the growth of emerging technology, which helps patients review their health records electronically sometimes called Electronic Health or E-health (1). According to the study conducted by John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, more than 70 percent physicians were making use of electronic records compare to 10 percent a decade ago (1). This is mainly because

Solar System free essay sample

Advantages of and Problems with Solar Energy by Ethan Goffman I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that. – Thomas Alva Edison, 1931 The oil embargo of the 1970s prompted a national surge of interest in solar energy. A solar water heater was installed in the White House, and photovoltaic panels first came into play, notably in California. While previously solar power as a direct source of electricity had been limited to esoteric functions, such as in spacecraft, companies began to form with the idea of using solar as a regular source of power for ordinary homes. Theoretically, solar might seem an ideal energy source, as it is free and virtually limitless. According to Greenpeace, ? The solar radiation reaching the earth‘s surface in one year provides more than 10,000 times the world‘s yearly energy needs? (4). Furthermore, ? harnessing just one-quarter of the solar energy that falls on the worlds paved areas could meet all current global energy needs comfortably? Flavin). Yet the technological barriers to harvesting this energy are great regarding collection, distribution, and storage. President Carter inspecting a solar heating panel installed on the roof of the White House. Photo: Jimmy Carter Library. http://www. aip. org/history/newsletter/fall2003/carterphoto. htm Through the end of the 20th century, solar remained a power source for the eccentric few, accounting for well under 1% of energy generation. As the energy crisis waned, it quickly became apparent that solar was not competitive with conventional energy sources, such as coal. One commentator well captures the frustration: ? For years, supporters of solar power have heralded every new technical breakthrough as a revolution in the making. Yet time and again it has failed to materialise, largely because the technology was too expensive and inefficient. It simply cost too much, and solar panels settled in as a small niche market? (Daviss). Â ©2008 ProQuest Released December 2008 1 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? This Bethesda, MD home has photovoltaic panels in front and solar collectors in the rear for heating the family’s water. Photos by author. In the 1990s, as climate change moved in the public consciousness from an esoteric theory to a scientific fact, interest in solar returned, notably in Europe and to a lesser extent in the United States. In the 21st century, growing worries about an energy shortage on a planet voracious for power have added to the demands for solar energy. As Greenpeace points out, ? the market has grown by more than 40% a year for almost a decade and the industry is investing large sums to increase production facilities? (3). Buildings connected to the electrical grid may use conventional energy when needed, while employing solar cells when the sun is out and the energy is available. In many locations, solar energy may actually be fed back into the electrical grid, causing the meter to run backwards, a phenomenon known as net metering. Yet, ? For many years the utilities did not allow the feeding in of solar electricity into their grid and . . . in most countries the utilities fight this idea forcefully once it comes up? (Greenpeace 48). In many locations, then, returning energy to the grid is not yet possible. Monocrystalline solar panel http://skycomsmt. om/images/ SOLAR%20PRODUCTION/11724 94779. jpg On top of net metering, solar advocates would like policies tied to the changing value of energy depending on time of day. This is known as demand pricing, and ? requires a meter that can track hourly as well as total usage, differentiating between peak and off-peak consumption? (Derbyshire). Because solar is strongest during day-time, peak hours, it is more valuable than a flat rate would indicate; yet, in many countries, those who invest in solar panels are not re- Net metering lets your meter run backwards http://solar. calfinder. com/blog/solar-information/what-iswarded for this value. Travis Bradford net-metering/ advocates variable pricing, which ? would charge consumers for electricity based on a variety of factors, including the amount of power the customer uses, the time of day they use it, and customer density? (149). ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 4 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? Two major factors have hamstrung the use of photovoltaic cells for generating energy: cost and intermittency. Except in special situations, such as off-grid uses, solar is simply not competitive with fossil fuels. Explains Time magazine, ? stiff up-front cost has always been the biggest barrier to residential use of solar power. An average set of rooftop panels costs $20,000 to $30,000 and takes 10 to 15 years to produce enough electricity to pay for itself? (Walsh). On a larger scale, this amounts to solar being ? at least two to three times as expensive as the typical electricity generated in America for retail customers? (Economist, Bright). Still this is changing due to experimentation, in combination with practical application. According to the Economist, ? decades of research have improved the efficiency of ilicon-based solar cells from 6% to an average of 15% today, whereas improvements in manufacturing have reduced the price of modules from about $200 per watt in the 1950s to $2. 70 in 2004. Within three to eight years, many in the industry expect the price of solar power to be costcompetitive with electricity from the grid? (Economist, Bright). This PV array has one onlooker gazing up ward in awe. 2007 Solar Decathlon, Washington, DC. Photo by author. Although growth has been steady, a worldwide silicon shortage has frustrated expectations for an even faster rate by raising cost: ? fter decades of steady decline, prices increased from a low of $2. 70 per watt in 2004 to about $4 per watt in the spring of 2006? (Economist, Bright). Nevertheless, other factors have kept the situation in check: ? Thanks to economies of scale, rising conversion efficiencies, and more-efficient use of polysilicon in conventional cells, average PV module prices declined in 2007, even as polysilicon prices rose? (Sawin). Still the shortage of refined polysilicon, due to a lack of facilities, has kept prices high. This seems puzzling, as silicon is one of the most abundant materials, found, for instance, in sand. As Greenpeace explains, ? 23% of the earth‘s crust consists of silicon. However, the process of producing the pure silicon needed for crystalline solar cells is complex. The period from planning a new silicon factory to its first output is approximately two years. The dynamic development of the PV market led to a shortage of silicon? (13). Competition from computer chip makers, which also use silicon, has added to the excess of demand over supply. Still, various projections claim ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? that the worldwide shortage should end in 2009, as production ramps up. For instance, ? The European Photovoltaic Industry Association projects 80,000 tons of annual production by 2010, up from just over 37,000 tons in 2007? (Sawin). Improved technology, increased silicon production, and the increasing cost of energy are acting to make photovoltaic cells more competi tive. At some point, solar should start to out-compete fossil fuels. As solar power becomes more efficient, it is becoming more competitive. The company SunPower is notable here, ? onverting 22 percent of the suns rays to electricity, compared with industry norms of about 10 to 15 percent? (Wolgemuth). Still the cost for SunPower cells is high; just what mix of cost and efficiency will dominate the industry remains to be seen. Thin Film An alternative to polysilicon solar cells is thin film, which uses metallic compounds to capture the sun‘s energy. Cheaper and easier to install than wafer based PV cells, ? thin- film cells use as little as 1 per cent of the volume of materials that ordinary PV cells demand? (Daviss). Installation is also flexible, since thin film ? an be integrated into roof shingles, siding, and the windows of buildings? (Sawin). Many in the industry, then, see thin film Thin film solar panels technology as the future of solar: ? Today, http://technicalstudi es. youngester. com/2008/06/futurethin-film PV modules that use materials of-solar-cells. html such as amorphous silicon (a-Si); cadmium telluride (CdTe); or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) are attracting much attention and are growing at an impressive rate? (Energy Information Administration 10). However, thin film as of yet captures a smaller percentage of the sun‘s energy than do wafer based cells. Overall, ? thin-film solar cells are inefficient but cheap. Where theres room to put up a lot of them, theyre cost effective, but to compete elsewhere, theyll have to get more efficient? (Takahashi). Still thin film efficiency is rapidly increasing. According to one report, ? thin-film technology has now reached a critical mass and is poised to start taking ? significant market share‘ from incumbent technology. Thin-film silicon technologies from turn-key vendors will be ramping up in large scale during the second half of 2008? (Solid State). Numerous experiments with the best combination of thin film materials make it likely that efficiency will increase significantly in coming years. In one test thin film technology reached 19. 9% (NREL, Thin) although how quickly and easily this material can be manufactured for mass consumption remains to be seen. ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 6 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? Disadvantages of Solar Cells A major disadvantage of both wafer-based and thin film solar energy is intermittency. The sun does not shine at night, and is diminished by overcast skies and storms. Energy from solar cells therefore cannot be counted on at all times. This means that decentralized energy from solar cells cannot supply what the energy industry calls baseline power, which supplies a constant energy need. Currently coal plants are the major supplier of base-load electricity, while nuclear is also excellent at this task (although expensive to bring on-line). For peak demand times, as well as sudden surges (such as during a heat wave when air conditioners work overtime) power must be added. The energy needed for this part-time demand is called ? intermediate-load electricity, as opposed to the base-load electricity that is needed twenty-four hours a day? (Bradford 13). Natural gas is currently the favorite method for supplying intermediate-load electricity, although renewable sources, such as solar and wind, are well suited to the task. Intermittency is actually less of a problem for solar cells than for wind power. This is because solar tends to be most available during times of peak demand, particularly working hours: Intermediate load power, ? hich represents some 30 percent of all the electricity supply? must be provided primarily during daylight hours. (Bradford 130) This is fortuitous for solar energy, since, ? in the middle of the afternoon when the sun is at its peak and solar panels are producing at their optimum, demand and pricing for electricity also peaks? (Canberra Times). In addition, solar and wind can complement each other, since times of low sunshine a re often excellent for wind power, notably in winter. Still, the use of solar cells and wind power will be limited until more efficient storage methods can be eveloped to conserve energy when it‘s generated and use it when it‘s most needed. Bradford explains that ? there are potential technical limits to widespread adoption of intermittent sources of electricity beyond 15 percent of total grid capacity without the added inclusion of energy storage solutions? (132) (other recent studies put the number at 20% for wind power). Currently, batteries are the method of choice for storing solar energy, although these need to be replaced regularly. Solid oxide fuel cells employing hydrogen technology show great promise, but need to be further developed (see http://www. sa. com/discoveryguides/fuecel/overview. php). For hydrogen storage to fulfill its promise it needs to derive its power from nonpolluting sources, such as electrolysis powered by solar energy. (Bradford 87-88) (see http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/hydrogen/overview. php). ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 7 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? Solar Thermal Although photovoltaic panels have become the prototypical image of solar power, solar thermal is actually older. Leonardo Da Vinci had solar energy designs in his notebooks, while ? n the 1870s and 1880s, at the height of the Industrial Revolution, French and U. S. scientists developed an array of solar cookers, steam engines, and electricity generators, all based on a simple concept, a parabolic-shaped solar collector that is coated with a mirrored surface to reflect light coming from different angles onto a single point or line? (Flavin USA Today). That design is the basis of many of today‘s large-scale solar plants, which rely on parabolic troughs. US President George W. Bush (R) walks past a parabolic dish during a tour of he Department of Energys National Sol ar Thermal Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, NM. AFP or Agence France-Presse, 2005 Solar thermal, unlike solar cells, employs glass or other material to concentrate light and convert it to a source of electricity. In general, solar cells are used as a decentralized source of power, often on individual houses. Solar thermal, by contrast, is being developed in large, centralized power plants: ? The technology which is generally proposed for harvesting solar energy at large scales in the Sunbelt is Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). This method concentrates the suns rays to heat water, producing steam which drives turbines to generate electricity in an otherwise conventional way? (Al Bawaba). Parabolic troughs are currently the standard form of solar thermal used in large power plants. They consist of ? long parabolic-shaped rows of mirrors focus sunlight on fluid-filled metal tubes encased in glass. The heat collected drives steam generators similar to those that run coal-fired power plants to make electricity? (Woodside). Explains CSP entrepreneur Randy Gee, ? here is a great deal of interest from the investment community because parabolic trough is a proven commodity? (Power Engineering). Research continues apace, not only in parabolic troughs but in other ways of providing solar thermal. CSP has the huge advantage of storing energy, via molten salt (NREL, Trough), greatly alleviating the intermittency problem and allowing it to be used as a baseline energy source. Explains Gee, ? CSP is positioned to be the largest means of generating renewable electricity in the 10-15 ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? year timeframe. . . . CSP systems can provide despatchable [sic] electricity, meaning they can deliver the electricity to the utility or customers wherever it is needed by virtue of the fact that CSP is a thermal technology and can therefore can [sic] incorporate thermal storage. This is what separates it from wind and photovoltaics? (Power Engineering). Solar thermal plants are particularly apt in sunny climates such as the American Southwest. According to one source, ? at least 250,000 square miles of land in the Southwest alone are suitable for constructing solar power plants . . . Converting only 2. 5 percent of that radiation into electricity would Spanish solar-power-plant developer Abengoa Solar plans to build match the nations total energy and begin operating this 280-megawatt solar thermal power plant in Gila Bend, AZ, by 2011. consumption in 2006? (Zweibel). http://www. technologyreview. com/Biztech/20356/page2/ The Nevada Solar One solar thermal plant, which came online in 2007, is a notable example. Its ? 64 megawatts (MW) capacity makes it the largest solar plant to be built in the world in the last 16 years? (Energy Information Administration 6). Still, in the American Southwest plans for solar thermal are slowing due to a 22 month moratorium on solar collector applications from the federal Bureau of Land Management to study environmental impact. (Economist, Freezing) This conflicting environmental claim illustrates one of the many obstacles and diversions in renewable energy‘s path becoming a dominant power source. Critics claim that solar takes too much land to be viable as a large-scale energy source (Hiserodt). Clearly, moving to solar as a major energy producer would mean an enormous reallocation of land and resource use. Yet, according to one source, ? installations already in place indicate that the land required for each gigawatt-hour of solar energy produced in the Southwest is less than that needed for a coal-powered plant when factoring in land for coal mining? (Zweibel). Estimates are tricky, because they need to account for all the land and installations needed for any given power source, as well as environmental problems and the cost of transportation and storage. One problem with concentrated solar in the southwest is distance from where energy is produced to where it is most needed. One expert explains that ? major obstacles such as long-life storage and long distance transportation remain to be overcome before solar power becomes a major contributor to the world energy grid? (Al Bawaba). Major infrastructure investment would be ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 9 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? needed. According to one advocate, ? a new high-voltage, direct-current (HVDC) power transmission backbone would have to be built? using Direct Current. Zweibel) Certainly the initial price would be high, although once energy did begin flowing it would be close to free. If the obstacles can be overcome, according to one report, ? concentrating solar power, which always works on a utility scale, could provide seven times of all of Americas power needs. This expands on a prediction green advocates have made for years, arguing that, potentially, all of the countrys power needs could be met in a 100-squa re-mile plot of land in a sunny region like Nevada? (Woodside). One decentralized form of solar thermal that has been around a long time is solar water heaters. Currently, these are a better investment for individual houses than are solar cells; they pay for themselves in about 15 years (City of Columbia) as opposed to 20 or more for photovoltaic cells. Factoring in any government incentives, the payback time could be far less. Direct solar power for automobiles seems extremely unlikely. However, if the current development of plug-in electric automobiles continues apace, solar energy on the grid may end up powering these vehicles. The Economics of Solar Power Without government subsidy, solar is not yet a competitive form a hostel, shows solar panels that of energy. Numerous sources agree that currently, ? in direct supply power and hot water on the roof of his building in competition with electricity generated from fossil fuels, solar Shanghai 01 March 2006. MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty cells almost always lose? (Derbyshire). Subsidies are needed. Images ? For the expansion of solar energy to be successful,? Greenpeace explains, ? there must be a clear commitment from governments? (3). Still, such subsidies are expected to be only temporary; solar advocates believe that as technology and economies of scale improve, solar will far outstrip fossil fuels in economic ompetitiveness. Solar advocates also point out that fossil fuels have long received government subsidies, that ? the oil and natural gas industries received substantial government aid during their early histories and continue to receive tax breaks for exploration, favorable terms for drilling leases on government land, and so forth? (Derbyshire). Bradford estimates that ? global government s upport is currently skewed toward the nuclear and fossil-fuel infrastructure, with about ten times as much money going to these conventional power sources as to all renewables combined? 172). Mr. Mingde Zhou, who manages ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 10 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? Because solar provides advantages that the economic laws of supply and demand, in a vacuum, do not account for, many governments choose to subsidize solar as a clean and renewable energy source. Conventional fossil fuels generate costs that the users do not pay for–what economists term externalities–that are shared by the wider community and may occur at a future time. Pollution is the most obvious of these, in the form of harming local air quality, and through generating greenhouse gasses. In addition, fossil fuels are a limited resource that will eventually run out; future generations may therefore ? pay? for our use of coal, oil, and natural gas today. The fact that we must deal with often unstable and unfriendly governments to attain fossil fuels is another reason to seek renewable options. Exclaims one solar advocate, ? although the investment is high, it is important to remember that the energy source, sunlight, is free. There are no annual fuel or pollution-control costs like those for coal, oil or nuclear power? (Zweibel). Job creation is another argument often put forward for solar power. Indeed ? green jobs? have been suggested as a major potential stimulus for the United States‘ faltering economy. Explains Bradford, ? installation jobs cannot be exported: they must remain in the locations where systems will be used. . . . These relatively highly paid, skilled jobs will help sustain an educated and prosperous middle class in any industrialized economy? 164). Green jobs are a major platform of the incoming Obama administration and are popular at the local level; ? States are clamoring for renewable energy projects such as wind farms and solar power plants because of the potential jobs they create, in addition to reducing global warming and increasing the countrys energy independence? (Yung). California solar companies say they plan to hire new workers in the next year. http://www. ibabuzz. c om/education/2008/04/14/dogreen-collar-jobs-promise-a-better-future-for-bayarea-youth/ To offset externalities, and increasingly to create green jobs, many governments subsidize solar and other renewable energy. These subsidies occur in several forms. Feed-in tariffs have been the most successful, notably in German. Feed-in tariffs require utilities or consumers to pay extra for solar energy on the grid; the money then goes to individuals who have installed solar. This system incentivizes not only solar installation, but installation of the most efficient solar possible. (Greenpeace 49) Cash rebates and tax deductions are other incentives used for solar energy: ? The most direct [incentives] are tax credits and rebates paid to owners of renewable energy facilities. . . . The production tax credit (PTC) is a per kilowatt-hour tax credit for energy generated by ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 11 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? qualified energy resources? (Derbyshire). These methods are bottom-up, and ? are usually supplemented by renewable portfolio standards (RPS) . . . a top-down incentive, requiring utilities to obtain some fraction of their energy from renewable sources? Derbyshire). Often used in the U. S. at a state level, RPS programs are attempts ? to set target percentages of renewables in their power-generation mix to be deployed by certain dates? (Bradford 182). RPS programs are an example of targets, which mandate certain measures by setting a cap or definite number. Perhaps the most famous targets were set by the Kyoto Treaty to limit carbon emissions. The go al of all these targets and subsidies is to make solar energy viable to stand on its own. To do so, greater efficiency is needed in converting sunlight into electricity. That day may be arriving; ? nexpensive cells with an efficiency of 20 per cent have become a commercial reality, while in the lab efficiencies are leaping forward still further? (Daviss). The Growth of Solar Energy The promise of solar power is seductive in being clean, virtually free once the technology is in place, and seemingly limitless. The initial investment for solar power may be high but after a few years you have virtually recovered the investment and thereafter pay nothing for the resource said Pradip Jayewardene, founder of the Solar Industries Association. (Samath) Location and circumstance play a huge role Solar Power. Worldwatch Institute. in deciding just how viable this promise is. ?Three factors—real unsubsidized PV system cost, insolation, and cost of grid electricity—determine the likelihood of market growth and maturation in different locations in the industrial world,? explains Bradford. (144) In theory, one should be able to balance factors to determine just when solar is cost-competitive in a particular area. A dark country with lots of access to cheap fossil fuel, such as Russia, for instance, would seem a poor candidate for solar, while a bright country with few natural resources would be an excellent candidate. As solar technology improves and fossil fuels become scarcer, solar power becomes viable in an increasing range of locations. In practice, the social values of a country also play an enormous role in when and how aggressively it adopts solar. Of course cost competitiveness is crucial for solar to continue to grow, and it is improving rapidly. According to Cambridge Energy Research Associates ? a kWh [kilowatt hour] of photoSource: Sawin, Janet. 2008. Another Sunny Year for ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 12 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? voltaic electricity cost 50 cents in 1995. That had fallen to 20 cents in 2005 and is still dropping? (Economist, Another silicon valley). With better competitiveness and increased environmental concern, solar power is spreading, so that ? over the past five years, annual global production of PV cells has increased nearly sevenfold? (Sawin). However leadership in the solar energy has been shifting: ? In previous years the manufacture of solar cells and modules was concentrated in three key areas – Europe, Japan and the United States.? (Greenpeace 18). The U. S. which had pioneered solar energy, fell behind Source: Sawin, Janet. 2008. Another Sunny Year for Japan in the 1990s, when that island nation, Solar Power. Worldwatch Institute. lacking local energy resources, pushed solar energy hard and became the global leader. This was largely because ? the Japanese residential market has some of the highest prices of grid electricity in the world—an average of twenty-one cents per kWh? (136). Where other energy is expensive solar energy is competitive. Recently, Europe, also facing high energy prices and greatly concerned about global warming, has become the solar energy leader: ? Europe—led by Germany—passed Japan to lead the world in PV manufacture, producing an estimated 1,063 megawatts of solar cells in 2007, up 56 percent over 2006? (Sawin). Meanwhile, U. S. share has lost ground, comparatively speaking; ? In the United States, cell production rose 48 percent to 266 megawatts. Although this represents a dramatic increase in production from the once world-leading U. S. solar industry, the nation‘s shares of global production and installations continued to fall in 2007? (Sawin). Germany now has the largest amount of solar energy in the world. The country has heavily subsidized solar energy, in the form of a feed-in tariff, so that ? the average annual growth rate between 2000 and 2005 was well over 40%? (Greenpeace 38). Indeed, with Gemanys subsidy, ? so many firms rushed to install solar panels in such profusion that the world ran short of the type of silicon used to make them. The price of silicon—and thus of solar panels—rose? (Economist, More Light). Ironically, Germany is an often overcast country and does not get as much out of each solar panel as sunnier locations would. Germany‘s subsidies are therefore an example of the law of unintended consequences, and of the care that should be taken in developing solar energy. ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 13 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? In the U. S. , solar activists complain of complacency: ? What we have lacked–and it really is unfortunate because these technologies were developed here–is a national energy policy that places a priority on establishing clean, sustainable, renewable energy as a mainstay of our energy portfolio? Woodside). California, however, remains notable for its emphases on renewable energy: ? Solar power generated in the state has grown from about 3 megawatts in 2000 Buerstadt, Germany: The roof of a warehouse, equipped with solar panels, May 13, 2005. The 50,000 square to 177 megawatts this year, a remarkable meter system with a capacity of 4. 5 megawatts per year 5,900% increase? (Jeff St . John). Yet conrepresents the largest roof based solar system worldwide. Photo by Ralph Orlowski/2005 Getty Images, Inc. tinued exponential growth is necessary for solar to become more than a mall player. Even with the recent surge, California still has ? only enough to meet about one-third of 1% of the states peak electricity needs? (Jeff St. John). California is doing better than most places, where solar remains a puny part of the total energy picture. Even though, ? solar energy today is recognized as clean and viable . . . it represents just 0. 1 percent of the total electricity market? (Wolgemuth). Yet solar is worth following closely for its trend of exponential growth, which is likely to continue or increase. Solar advocates foresee a surge in solar power similar to, but larger than, that currently happening with wind power. Bradford argues that, ? the transition to solar energy and electricity will happen much faster than most people imagine, faster even than most experts commonly predict? (14). Given the current energy picture, and renewed calls for green energy, jobs, and infrastructure, this may very well prove true. Yet the exact mix of technical, economic, and political factors needed to spur this kind of growth remains uncertain. We will have to wait to see if solar remains an exotic sideshow in the energy portfolio or heralds a bright new future for the planet. References Al Bawaba. 2008. Here Comes the Sun: Harnessing Solar Power as a Major Energy Source. Al Bawaba Reporters, January 16 Aldous, Scott. How Solar Cells Work. How Stuff Works. http://science. howstuffworks. com/solar-cell. htm Bradford, Travis. 2006. Solar Revolution: The Economic Transformation of the Global Energy Industry. Cambridge: MIT Canberra Times. 2007. More to do to help people go solar. Nov 16, p. 1 ProQuest Discovery Guides ttp://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 14 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? City of Columbia, Missouri. Solar Water Heating. http://www. gocolumbiamo. com/WaterandLight/Conservation/SolarWaterHeaters. php Derbyshire, Katherine. 2008. Public policy for engineers: solar industry depends on policymakers goodwill. Solid State Technology 51:8 (August), p. 24 Daviss, Bennett. 2007. Solar Power: The Futures Bright. Rachels Democracy and Health News. December 13 The Economist. 2008. Another silicon valley. June 21 The Economist. 2007. Bright Prospects. March 3 The Economist. 2008. Freezing the sun: A double blow for solar energy. June 28 The Economist. 2008. More light than heat: Bureaucratic meddling has harmed solar power. April 7. Energy Information Administration and Department of Energy. 2006. Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2006. http://www. eia. doe. gov/fuelrenewable. html Flavin, Christopher. 1995. Harnessing the Sun and Wind. USA Today Magazine, November 1 Greenpeace. 2006. Solar Generation: Solar energy for over one billion people and two million jobs by 2020. Hiserodt, Ed. Solar Power: Not the Brightest Idea. 2007. The New American, September 17 Lund, H. , R. Nilsen, O. Salomatova, D. Skare, E. Riisem. 2008. The History Highlight of Solar Sells [sic] (Photovoltaic Cells). Norwegian University of Science and Technology. http://org. ntnu. no/solarcells/pages/history. php National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Parabolic Trough Thermal Energy Storage Technology. http://www. nrel. gov/csp/troughnet/thermal_energy_storage. html National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2008. Record Makes Thin-Film Solar Cell Competitive with Silicon Efficiency. http://www. rel. gov/news/press/2008/574. html Power Engineering International. 2008. Concentrating solar power starts to shine 16:6 (Jul/Aug) p. 25-27 Takahashi, Dean. 2008. Technology Review 111: 5 (Oct) p. 30 ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 15 Goffman: Why Not the Sun? St. John, Jeff. 2006. Let the sun shine on. Solar power booms in Californ ia, and more Central Valley customers are hopping aboard. The Fresno Bee, Jul 3, p. F1 Samath, Feizal. 2007. Solar power is the fastest growing energy resource in the world. NoticiasFinancieras. Jun 28, pg. 1 Sawin, Janet. 2008. Another Sunny Year for Solar Power. Worldwatch Institute. Solid State Technology. 2008. PV and IC industries converge. August 51:8, p. 12 Walsh, Bryan. 2008. Solar Power Hits Home. Time 172:7 (Aug 18), p. 52 Wolgemuth, Liz. 2008. Turning Sunshine Into Dollars; SunPowers efficient cells keep its solar prospects bright. U. S. News World Report, Jul 21 Woodside, Christine. 2007. Big is Beautiful. E: The Environmental Magazine. May 1. Youngester. com. 2008. Future of Solar Cells. http://technicalstudies. youngester. om/2008/06/future-of-solar-cells. html Yung, Katherine. 2008. DTE to invest billions in alternative energy: Utility boosts job-creating industry in state. McClatchy Tribune Business News, July 13 Zavis, Alexandra. 2008. Power-starved Iraq goes solar; At least for street lamps in Baghdad. Los Angeles Times, Jul 14, p. A. 4 Zweibel, Ken; Mason, James; Fthenakis, Vasilis. 2007. A Solar Grand Plan. Rachels Democracy and Hea lth News. December 20 ProQuest Discovery Guides http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/discoveryguides-main. php Released December 2008 16